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A Defense Technology Blog
T-50: A Preliminary Analysis
Well, this brings back the old days when Flug Revue would pop out some over-the-fence shots obtained from the Military Missions in East Germany, and the assembled reptiles at Flight would adjourn to our secret analysis facility to figure out what it all meant.

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First of all, for anyone contemplating the use of the word "Raptorski":  don't. While this is an airplane that could have been the answer to the Advanced Tactical Fighter requirement, way back when, it's not an F-22 in many important ways.

In a lot of ways, the T-50 reflects the heritage of the T-10 Flanker series - it's much more like them than Sukhoi's last fighter prototype, the forward-swept-wing Su-47 Berkut, ever was. From the Flanker family, the T-50 gets the massive "centroplane" - a wide central body that blends the fuselage and inner wing - three-surface aerodynamic control and true three-dimensional thrust vectoring. The main weapons bay has been seen on a Flanker model, too.

Look at some of these in detail. The centroplane is huge, extending well outside the engines and terminating at the rear in a broad beaver-tail between the exhaust nozzles.


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It accommodates a boatload of fuel on the Flanker and will do the same here. After the canard hokey-pokey in the T-10 family (in on the Su-30MK, out on the Su-35) the T-50 has something different: the forward part of the leading edge extension is movable. According to the usually well informed Flateric over at Secret Projects, it is called the Povorotnaya Chast Naplyva (PChN) or movable LEX section.

3-D thrust vectoring is also used on the Su-35. The T-50 and the T-10 family are distinguished by widely separated engines, which is important because that's the only way to use vectored thrust in roll. What's new on the T-50 is that the designers have cashed in on TVC by shrinking the tail surfaces, saving on drag, weight and signature.

With separated engines and a wide body, the T-50 designers have been able to install dual front and rear weapon bays. Added to this are side bays outboard of the engines. Flateric reports that each bay is designed to hold "at least two" missiles and that the outer bays are designed for short-range AAMs. The centerline bays could each hold two large weapons (like R-33s) or three-to-four of the newly announced RVV-MD. The latter has folding wings, as does the RVV-SD development of the R-73 (AA-11 Archer) family - the latter explaining why the underwing bays are small. 

The big new feature of the T-50 is stealth. The aircraft that flew today is a prototype - and it does not show visible features like a frameless canopy and panel alignment that you'd expect on a production aircraft. Other not-very-stealthy-looking features include the gaps around the inlet (compare the YF-23) and a spherical infrared search and track housing in front of the windshield. And, of course, the nozzles are round. But it has a chined forebody, edge alignment and (probably) inlet line-of-sight blockage and internal weapons.

Apparently the designers and systems analysts have looked at the thorny question of "how much stealth do we want to pay for?" and have come up with a different answer than the F-22 designers. The fact that the armed forces of potential adversaries don't have S-300 and S-400 missiles may have something to do with that answer.

Supercruise? Definitely. The aircraft has a lot of power, and you would not go with that sharply swept delta wing if that wasn't the goal.


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vidcap by Matej from Secret Projects

The big question is how long the aircraft will take to enter service, which is a product of three factors - how much money is available, how many resources industry can muster to get the job done, and where the design, technically, stands at this point.

The first question depends largely on the Russian economy, and on the priority which the military gives to the fighter. At the moment, the strategic rocket forces are the priority and are elbowing all others away from the trough; also, the military could decide that the Su-35 is a good upgrade route for now. The X-factor:  whether and when India will join the program, and how much cash it will involve.

The second - industry's ability to execute the program - is hard to estimate. On the downside, Russia has not inducted a brand-new aircraft into service since the 1980s. However, there are signs of a new development strategy at work here:  the T-50's engines are outgrowths of the Su-35's and are being test-flown on a T-10 airframe, and the flight control system and (very likely) cockpit and avionics may be similar.

How far along is the program? Russian practice historically has been to start development with a series of prototypes that successively conform more to the production design. That's followed by an early series of aircraft that are "pre-operational" - flown by service units. Today's T-50 is, in US terms, something between a technology demonstrator and a systems development and demonstration aircraft.

Upshot - I would expect to see quite a few Su-35S regiments operational before we see a combat-ready T-50 - but with the caveat that a lot of Indian money could change things.
Tags: T-50sukhoipak-fa
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Martin wrote:
There are too many unknowns, but some features of T-50 show Sukhoi and current Russia leadership are for real this time. R-37 class missile inside internal bays are meant to outshoot any current US/European A-A missile by far. With desired weight at Su-27 class and engines with thrust on par or higher than F-22, this is meant to be the best fighter, speaking in terms of kinematic performance. Fuel fraction better than F-22, three-dimensional thrust vectoring. I´m sure there will be more novelties coming with T-50, if and once it enters service. I would like to know what strategy US Navy plans to counter this jet, not to mention European forces. USAF may only hope Russian will only build 187 T-50s...
1/29/2010 10:43 AM CST
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energo wrote:
Sukhoi's webserver appears to have taken a direct hit.

Any speculations on the insides of the beaver tail and the bulge aft of the cockpit? Construction wise, say use of composites? More of a defensive weapon than the Raptor?

Wouldn't mind an event like this every, oh, three-four years!

B. Bolsøy
Oslo
1/29/2010 10:51 AM CST
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jetcal1 wrote:
I'm sorry to be flippant, but the first picture i saw reminded me of a cross between the F-23 and this:
http://www.google.com/images?q=tbn:4NZqlQricyTyhM::www.retrojunk.com/img/art-
1/29/2010 11:01 AM CST
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Bill Sweetman wrote:
Aero-geek cyber-attack hits Sukhoi! Yes, I noticed the Firefox thing too...
1/29/2010 11:07 AM CST
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Marcase wrote:
1/29/2010 11:09 AM CST
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Gepard wrote:
First impressions....A Ray tracing approach to stealth not having a supercomputer and RCS prediction programmes at hand...

Clearly a VLO design. Shaping appears robust in X band, L band and probably S band in front and side quaters. Facets are large in the order of over 1 meter which satisfy these frequencies.
In the VHF band side on its flat profile should give it very good RCS versus F 22 / F 35 dominated by large if canted tails. Rear quadrant RCs appears disappointing with a clear emphasis on maneouvrability over YF 23 style aft sector facets to which the design clearly has been influenced. Cockpit canopy bow a disappointment but canted. Planform has more lobes than classic 4 lobe YF 23 layout but Lerxes will generate greater maneouvrability at high AOA and ability to dynamically control direction of lerx airflow clearly an innovation intended to work with 3d nozzles and total vehicle management / control surface scheduling system (a technology pioneered in the preceding rival MFI project).

Planform:

Clearly a hybrid between the Yf 22 and the Yf 23 this design appears to combine the best features of both, much as the Su 27 Flanker incorporated the best lessons of the teen generation that preceded it. Wing planform appears F 22 optimised for supercruise but with all moving butterfly tails an attempt to wring out maximum control authority from tails deliberately sized to reduce supercruise drag and side RCS spikes much as the Northrop Grumman McDonnell Douglas JSF contender utilised butterfly tails to reduce weight and reduce tail size increasing range. Overall crossection appears to be YF 23 influenced to presumably take a advantage of volume and RCS advantages inherent to a flatted diamond (in crossection) design. Forward fuselage appears to blend F35 cockpit canopy integration with the Yf 23 moldline presumably to maximise visibility from the upper half of the diamond crossection unlike the F 22 and Yf 23 that seated canopy moldlines far further up.

Operational Factors:

Clearly the Russians sought the range and volumetric advantages inherent of the Northrop design but without the limitations of this design in maneouvrability. Given the size and reputed loadout of 10 missiles, a Yf 23 design would be a logical choice. Likewise in regards to the nose and tail, the T 50 can be seen as an "2010 update" on the YF 23 concept integrating 3D nozzles for maneouvrability at the expense of aft sector RCS, a similar approach to that taken by the F 35 with its circular nozzles (driven by Stovl and weight saving factors). As such like the F 35 a small narrow lobe in the aft RCS sector may exist. Note in the much lauded VHF band this may even be true of the F 22. Other examples of this "update" include some very F 35 reminiscent shaping solutions in the front assembly and a willingness to try the umproven small tail concept proposed by McDonnell Douglas Grumman Northrop in their JSF contender and later X 36 demonstrator. Unwilling to leave the concept of supermaneuvrability we see some curious nods to Russian obsession with post stall combat; namely a moveable lerx lip above the intakes and integration of 3 d nozzles on a 5th generation design, a first.

Conclusion: A very Russian response to the requirements of range, large loadouts and low RCS performance leveraging the many RCS solutions proposed and / or utilised by the U.S.
1/29/2010 11:25 AM CST
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Solomon wrote:
why is this more of a descendant of the T-10 than the SU-47?
1/29/2010 12:59 PM CST
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Marcase wrote:
Excellent (early) analysis Bill, hadn't noticed the outboard bays. Often talked about, only now really implemented.

Martin; the Euro-canards are counting on the Meteor AAM in a very big way, the T-50 may just have burned that ace to ash though.
1/29/2010 2:46 PM CST
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ELP wrote:

Maybe we can get Clint Eastwood to steal it.
1/29/2010 3:06 PM CST
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BDF wrote:
My impressions are similar to those above. I wouldn't put this into an "all aspect VLO" design that the F-22 and to a lesser extent the F-35 are, but rather an advanced pac-man design if you will. This clearly being a prototype we'll have to wait to see what a production bird will look like but there are some shaping features which suggest a smaller frequency response compared to the spared-no-expense ATF designs. For instance beyond the previously mentioned IRST aperture and aft fuselage, the inlet and center body are not flat and in fact have nearly vertical and round shaping features which would provide for strong specular returns at even high frequencies. I suspect that the frontal signature will be in the F-35 ball park, perhaps, but will not match the Lightning in all aspect signature. I don't think it comes close the F-22 in any aspect at any frequency.

I'm a bit skeptical with some of the basic specifications such as weight and range. I've heard in the Su-27 weight range but I'm very skeptical of that. It very similar in size but larger in volume and because it has two large ventral and two lateral bays it will certainly pay a weight penalty over its forbearer; there's an old axiom in aircraft design: holes are heavy. I suspect it'll be similar in weight to the SU-35BM; i.e. about 41,000lbs or so. I dont think it will carry much more fuel either. Those ventral bays will take up most of the extra space gained over the Su-27 series so I suspect it'll be in the 20,000lb region; granted more than the F-22 or at least what the F-22 is cleared to carry.

Overall looks like a good jet for what the Russians need, but it clearly wasn't designed with the same emphasis as a deep IADS penetrator that the ATF requirement called for. A formidable jet I'm sure, but I just don't think signature management was as high on the list for the Russians as it is for the US.

1/29/2010 6:19 PM CST
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